FirstAid4Free

How To Look Good Naked

2011-04-03T16:45:00.000Z

This guest post from Arlene Guthrie

I love to sit down and watch how to look good naked on my Cable tv because the show not only provides some great insight on how to love your body, but the best way to accentuate your best qualities. I feel like too many shows these days tell people that they should be skinny and perfect looking and this show really makes people feel pretty no mater their weight or style. The host is also so funny and makes everyone feel so comfortable in their own skin that you can see his caring and empathetic personality.

I love to see the extreme measures in which the host, Carson Kressley, goes to show the one person on the show how beautiful their body can be at any weight. They sometimes put pictures of them in little clothes in a very public place, or my favorite is when he had a lady wear lingerie down a runway in the middle of a mall for all to see. Having them overcome their fears and really seeing how others see them. The idea that people can love their bodies more then them starts to begin the journey of loving their bodies as much as others do. I love the self esteem behind the show and watch it every chance I get.

Epilepsy

2008-03-27T10:51:00.002Z

Epileptic seizures fall into two main categories - petit mal and grand mal.

Recognition:

Petit mal:

These are temporary absences - the casualty just seems dazed, staring into thin air and not aware of their surroundings.

Grand mal:

The casualty usually knows just before they will have a grand mal seizure - they just have an instinct.
The casualty tenses up, falls to the ground and experience convulsions.
Sometimes froth appears at the mouth.
Occasionally they may become pale if they have trouble breathing.

Treatment:

Petit mal:

The casualty will naturally recover within a few minutes.

Grand mal:

Protect the casualty by trying to break their fall and removing dangerous objects from around them.
If possible try and protect the casualty's head by padding underneath it - a towel or coat would be ideal.
Monitor the casualty's airway and breathing.
The seizure should subside within a few minutes.
If the casualty stops breathing be prepared to resuscitate.
The casualty is likely to be very tired and confused after they come out of the seizure.
Advise the casualty to seek medical attention afterwards.

Modern epilepsy treatment is quite effect and most epileptics have their condition under control.

OMEGA 3 AND MENTAL HEALTH

2008-03-14T16:45:00.000Z

In 2007, the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry together with Women's Fitness Magazine have published a Meta analysis of double blind placebo controlled trials assessing anti-depressant efficacy of Omega 3 fatty acids. It was found that Omega 3 fatty acids may have significant anti-depressant effects. Ten double blind placebo control studies involving patients with mood disorders taking Omega 3 fatty acids for at least four weeks had been included in this analysis. Unlike any kind of alternative medicine products, Omega 3 was found to be effective for depression as well as bipolar disorder. Large prospective study conducted by the Imaging Center in Philadelphia which involved 7,903 participants found that moderate intake of Omega 3 may lower the risk of stress, anxiety and depression. For different groups of participants, the risk reductions were running from 21 to 35%.

The low level of Omega 3 along with high level of Omega 6 fatty acids was found to be associated with depressive symptoms and neuroticism. This study was conducted at the Department of Psychology at Allegheny College at Midvale, PA. The study involved 116 volunteers. The low serum levels of Omega 3 fatty acids along with high levels of Omega 6 were found to be associated with greater depressive symptoms and neuroticism. The participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory and NEO Personalities Inventory – revised.

So, next time you are shopping for vitamins - take a look at High Potency Omega 3 fatty acids!

Quick Review: ProjectKnow.com

2008-02-21T16:45:00.003Z

I was listening to UK broadcaster Dr Hillary Jones on Radio 4 the other day. Hillary, a General Medical Practitioner by trade, was talking about liver disease - in particular the effects of alcohol and obesity on liver function. Apparently lots of people who would consider themselves as only moderate social drinkers are at risk from cirrhosis because of the way drinking habits and alcohol strengths have increased over recent years. Quite often the effects of excess drink aren't obvious until the liver has already deteriorated by a large extend. If left unchecked the damage is irreparable. This is something that's happening to a lot of people - I remember the figure of 10% of the UK population are drinking more than the recommended amount of alcohol every week.

ProjectKnow is an essential information resource for anyone struggling with alcohol or drug addiction. They offer advice on drug rehab and alcohol rehab programs for anyone who is struggling to cope with their addiction. Together with support from your family and friends the information provided by ProjectKnow really could put you on the road to addiction recovery.

For further information check out their site.

Brazilian food to fight cancer cells

2007-10-17T13:04:00.001Z

A recent study by the University of Florida has added to the turmoil that surrounds the Brazilian acai berries. The study is one of the first to research the many claims. Assigned to the acai fruit. In its study, six different chemical extracts were made from pulp acai berries, and each extract was prepared in seven concentrations. At least four excerpts have killed a large number of cancer cells when applied for 24 hours or more. Anywhere from 35% to 86% of cancer cells were Destroyed, according to the extract and concentration. According to Stephen Talcott, an assistant professor at UF 'Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences , the study showed extracts acai berries triggered a backlash self-destruct (apoptosis) up to 86% of leukemia cells tested. Dr. Tim devoted 15 years to building one of the first foot and ankle surgery practices in the nation, for better VISIT Thai Mangosteen & Brazilian Acai.

Talcott, however, cautioned against too much in the reading of the results, noting that the tests were conducted against cancer cell cultures and not on human subjects. Yet The results are exciting. Over the past year, the Brazilian Bay has really taken off in the United States. He also drew the attention of many companies that are now. The creation of products that include the acai berries.

Although, acai berries are regarded as one of the fruits of the richest sources of antioxidants, fruits rich in antioxidants have been shown to kill cancer cells in the same Surveys. Antioxidants are substances that may protect cells from damage caused by unstable molecules known as free radicals. Free radical damage is theorized. Being one of the main causes of cancer. A sufficient amount of antioxidants are thought by many short-circuit this process of stabilization and interact with the free radicals and can stop the damage they are doing to ensure that healthy cells.

Tips on how to hire a babysitter

2007-10-16T22:03:00.000Z

Who to entrust your child’s wellbeing to when you need someone to look after your child is a difficult choice. Finding friends of family and family itself is usually the option most parents choose. However this is not possible for all parents. Here are some good tips for hiring a babysitter.

Check their resume. Look for someone with a checkable background who has experience in dealing with children. If they don’t have a resume or references then unless they have done this line of work before then don’t hire them. They might not realise what they are letting themselves in for and realise too late they have bitten off more than they can chew. Babysitting is not as easy as some believe!
Follow up checking their references and make sure they are genuine. E-mail or phone to confirm the details given.
Conduct an interview - ask relevant questions that you feel are important to you and the care of your child.
Make sure you make clear rules and that they understand them. Let them know if it is acceptable to use the phone, the computer and also whether they are allowed to have someone else with them.
Look for someone with experience – this will give them a checkable background. They may cost more but what price is the safety of your child?
Look for someone by ‘word of mouth’ this means getting a babysitter that has been recommended by someone whose judgement you can trust.
Make sure you leave the babysitter contact details. A mobile phone number is a must – make sure you let them know that you will not be upset if they contact you. Also leave the name of the place you are going to be and another contact number just in case you do not hear your mobile phone.
Ensure that all emergency contact details are left in a suitable location. This includes the name of your GP and any other family contact details that you deem necessary.

Celebrex Side Effects

2007-10-16T21:57:00.000Z

The drug Celebrex is used for anti-inflammation. It is normally used for arthritis, but in many cases the dosage may be strong. A lot of people may not be able to handle the strength of the drug. Some of the main side effects could be pain in the kidney, hemorrhage in gastro intestines and it could even lead to death. If you are being treated with the chronic condition, and the dosage is high, you are most likely to face side effects without any warning.

If it is used for joint pains, then there could be dizziness and nausea as well. Sometimes you could experience chest pain also, and the side effects could begin to show within one hour of consumption. Sometimes this is prescribed for smokers who have quit smoking, and they may experience pain. It could possibly show some anxiety because of using this drug.

You can also experience insomnia and visions as well, if it is taken for post surgery relief. When used for a slipped disk also you will feel a lot of anxiety. Some users have even complained of bloated abdomen, acne, and indigestion as well. The side effects vary when taken for different disorders. This must not be consumed with alcohol, as the stomach may begin bleeding.

The dosage must be monitored so that you can keep a check on the side effects. You should also not consume more than what is prescribed, and also with certain other medications. Though it might be a great pain reliever, a lot of side effects will be noted within a few hours, depending on the age of the person as well as the condition it is being used for.

This must not be consumed without a doctor’s prescription as a lot of the dangerous Celebrex side effects can be caused.

Quick Review: Magonate.com

2007-10-05T18:50:00.000Z

This post is a sponsored post. To view my policy on sponsored entries click HERE.

According to the US Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes magnesium depletion can be a major contributor towards muscle cramps. It's also believed that magnesium supplements can offer pain relief to migraine sufferers and can positively affect insulin action and glucose metabolism.

Magonate is a dietary magnesium supplement. The product combines the convenience of a liquid (easy administration, flexible dosages) with the extra benefits of a gluconate (efficient absorption, greater bioavailability).

Magonate is available from a good selection of online retailers and pharmacists shops. If you visit the Magonate website and complete the simple form, you'll receive further information and discount vouchers towards your purchase.

For more information on this liquid magnesium supplement visit the Magonate website.

Quick Review: lockerixchange

2007-10-04T18:48:00.000Z

This post is a sponsored post. To view my policy on sponsored entries click HERE.

Lockerixchange is your one stop shop for all your home and business storage requirements. They stock a mind-boggling array of metal lockers, plastic lockers and storage cabinets. Correct storage of equipment around the work place may be a statutory requirement under local health and safety legislation. I know from personal experience that it's a nuisance having to clamber over items of clutter because they aren't stored in their proper place - it's also difficult to find things if they aren't stored correctly.

Lockerixchange also have a selection of vented and designer lockers, suitable to grace any changing room. If space is of a premium, may a modular locker system might be the way to go. A good choice of locker accessories are available to keep your purchase in tip top serviceable condition.

For more information on the products of lockerixchange visit their website.

Quick Review: LiveLifeOrganic

2007-08-28T21:25:00.000Z

This post is a sponsored post. To view my policy on sponsored entries click HERE.

LiveLifeOrganic is an online supplier of organic products. Browsing through their product range I see they have a fine selection of organic food and organic skin care products. They also have a range of organic vitamines suitable for people of all ages. They have a great deal on folic acid tablets at the moment. Folic acid is thought to be particularly benefitial to pregnant women. Other organic health products include liquid vitamins, which are a useful alternative to using handfuls of tablets every day and can be easily mixed with fruit juices and a specially formulated teen vitamin supplement.

Currently any order over $100, payable by a range of convenient methods, are dispatched with free postage in the US. There's also the peice of mind of online support and a comprehensive returns policy.

Check the LiveLifeOrganic site for more details.

Quick Review: Nutritional Supplements

2007-08-16T22:56:00.000Z

This post is a sponsored post. To view my policy on sponsored entries click HERE.

Shopping.com have a great range of nutritional supplements to suit all sorts of diets and lifestyles. Whether you're just trying to lose a few pound, keep yourself trim or are making a conscious effort to improve your lifestyle they're certain to have a supplement of benefit to you.

If you have trouble sleeping at night, a bit like me, then their Natrol Melatonin Liquid could be just the tonmic you need to help you relax, unwind and drift off to the peaceful night's sleep. Something else that caught my eye was the Rice Bran by Now Foods - a highly nutritious and tasty way of increasing your dietary fibre and keeping your intestinal tract nice and clean. I hear lots of people talking about the virtues of fish oil - a source of essential vitamins and minerals which keep your bones and joints supple. They also have a range of fine Nowegian fish oils if you'd like to explore these benefits yourself.

The easy to use Shopping.com website also allows you to easily compare the price of products between different merchants so you're sure to get good quality, service and value.

For all your nutritional supplement needs visit Shopping.com.

Quick Review: Oasis Advanced Wellness

2007-07-12T16:42:00.000Z

Let's all go and hug a tree! Image from FreeFoto.

This post is sponsored by Oasis Advanced Wellness. To view my policy on sponsored entries click HERE.

There's an increasing trend for people to head towards natural health solutions these days. I think this is partly due to increased awareness about the environment, animal testing and alternative medicines. One company that's jumped on the natural goodness bandwagon is Oasis Advanced Wellness. The four year old business aims to provide safe and non-toxic solutions to your everyday health problems. The homepage is currently sporting their intraMax organic liquid vitamin supplement and UV natural sunscreen. If you want to wipe the slate clean and start a new healthy lifestyle you can detox by using their Mag O7 digestive tract cleanser.

For more information about Oasis Advanced Wellness's products visit their site.

Quick Review: Methods of Healing

2007-03-17T21:27:00.000Z

Before and after.

This post is sponsored by Methods of Healing. To view my policy on sponsored entries click HERE.

As most people will know smoking is a dirty, disgusting, filthy affliction which is only surpassed by leprosy as far as I'm concerned. Every draw on a cigarette fills a smoker's lungs with hundred of carcinogenic chemicals the constant erosion of which can quite easily come to haunt you in later life. Every time a smoker exhales their noxious cocktail they are doing untold damage to innocent non-smokers who just happen to be nearby. It's not good, but I'm told it's damn addictive and a difficult habit to break - the trick is not to begin in the first place.

If you happen to be a smoker and want to escape from future years are breathlessness and lung disease there might be an answer with Nicocure. Nicocure is a herbal mix that claims to help smokers with nicotine addiction, withdrawal symptoms and nicotine intoxication (whatever that is). If you order Nicocure you'll also receive a free e-book and hypnosis audio track to help you on your journey to quit smoking. Might be worth a shot if the nicotine patches don't work.

For more information visit the Nicocure page.

Foreign Object in the Ear

2007-03-17T17:01:00.001Z

If a foreign object becomes trapped in the ear it can cause temporary deafness by obstructing the ear canal. If the object goes deep into the ear it may damage the ear drum. Young children in particular like to experiment by pushing objects in their mouth, nose and ears. Sometimes insects can fly or crawl into the ear and cause alarm.

Recognition:
Pain in the ear.
Sensation of ear being blocked.

Aim:
Prevent injury to the ear.
In the case of a live insert: remove insect from ear.
Other obstructions: do not attempt to remove the object.
To get the casualty to hospital if you're unable to remove the object.

Treatment:
In the case of a live insect: Tilt the casualty's head to one side with the obstructed ear uppermost. Try and 'float' the insect out of the ear by gently flooding with luke warm water.
In the case of other obstructions: Pad over the ear and seek medical attention. Don't attempt to remove and object stuck in the ear.

Quick Review: Benatural

2007-03-11T14:03:00.000Z

Benatural is an indispensable electronic guide to alternative medicine. It is a concise information resource, which explains about a wide range of vitamins, minerals, diets, herbs and alternative therapies. It doesn't try and sell and there are no advertisements - just solid, impartial comment about the ever increasing range of natural remedies out there.

If, like me, you want to lose a few pounds of weight but don't know where to begin then there is a very useful article on dieting and weight loss. Particularly interesting is the piece about the South Beach Diet, which concentrates on 'good fats' and 'good carbs' from natural sources like nuts, grains and pulses. There is a baffling array of essential trace metals and other minerals that feature in everyone's diet. If you don't know your Cobalt from your Copper, both essential trace metals in the diet, than Benatural is the place to go.

Alternative therapies are another area covered by Benatural. There are articles explaining the finer points of homeopathy, colour therapy, meditation and reiki to name but a few. If you want to enjoy a natural diet and a healthy lifestyle then Benatural is a good site to guide you on the way.

Fainting

2007-03-10T12:13:00.001Z

Fainting is a brief loss of consciousness caused by temporary reduction of blood flow to the brain. It can be caused by pain, exhaustion, lack of food and stress. Fainting often occurs after long periods of inactivity, when blood has pooled in the lower body and isn't fully reaching the brain. When a person faints their pulse becomes very slow, but this quickly returns to normal as they recover.

Recognition:

A brief period of unconsciousness.
A slow pulse.
Pale, cold and clammy skin.

Aims:

To improve blood flow to the brain.
To reassure and make he casualty comfortable.

Treatment:

If the casualty feels faint ask them to lie down (before they fall). Kneel next to them and raise their legs, supporting their ankles on your shoulders. Alternatively support the legs on a chair etc.
Make sure the casualty gets plenty of fresh air by opening a window etc.
As the casualty recovers gently get them to sit up gradually. If they feel faint ask them to lie down once again.
Be prepared to resuscitate if the casualty stops breathing. In this call for an ambulance quickly.

Quick Review: phlawfirm.com

2007-03-05T15:40:00.000Z

This post is sponsored by Paglialunga & Harris. To view my policy on sponsored entries click HERE.

... AKA 'Ambulance chasers are us!'

Paglialunga & Harris is a top Seattle and Washington DC law firm who specialise in personal injury claims. Since I've written a few articles about first aid and the law recently, I guess I've been targeted by these guys to talk about their services. I'm not into personal injury claims myself - I think all the hype in television commercials about 'where there's blame there's a claim' encourages people to find loose paving stones and deliberately trip over them Kamikaze style. However, even I recognise there may be times when someone is genuinely injured through no fault of their own and they require recompense to help them recover from their misfortune. If you're in the US and you fall into this genuinely needy category you might like to try these guys out. As their tag line says they're righting wrongs, rebuilding lives. How refreshing.

For all your personal injury claims consider seeking advice from Paglialunga & Harris.

Quick Review: Labor Law Posters

2007-03-01T10:08:00.000Z

Essential safety information for the work place.

This post is sponsored by the Compliance Poster Company. To view my policy on sponsored entries click HERE.

A while ago I wrote about the legislation surrounding UK first aid training, certification and provision. What I didn't mention too much was the numerous health and safety posters that were available to supplement this information. It is a statutory requirement that some of these posters are displayed in the work place. The Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) are responsible for enforcement in the US. The Compliance Poster Company is a leading provider of OSHA posters to the US market.

They have a wide selection of informative safety notices to choose from, specially tailored to your line of work. This includes a range of industrial posters, office posters, safety training posters and human resource forms. Keeping right up to date with the latest work place risks CPC also have a range of training material about Avian Flu. Did you know it was mandatory to display choking safety notices anywhere food is served in 12 US States? No? Me neither, but CPC have just the right poster for the job. Many of the posters can be customised to match your own corporate identity.

Safety in the work place really is everyone's responsibility, so make yourself aware of the current regulations and keep on the right side of the law by displaying the right posters in the right locations.

Quick Review: Creatine

2007-02-19T11:05:00.000Z

Creatine is an important organic acid that keeps energy levels high in muscle cells. It is found in vertebrates and keeps the ATP/ADP high ensuring there is lots of ATP available to act as fuel to hard working muscle cells. In the human diet most creatine comes from meat and fish but some is also generated by the liver itself. Using nutrition supplements containing creatine boosts the level of this important chemical in the body and can help it to work more efficiently during exercise. This extra creatine can be particularly beneficial to people on a vegetarian diet.

There are many inherited medical conditions where the cellular levels of creatine are severely depressed. Because of this there is increasing interest in the use of creatine as a therapy for muscular, neurological and neuromuscular diseases like arthritis, congestive heart disease and mitochondrial disease. Creatine really is an essential part of a fit and healthy lifestyle.

Abdominal Pain

2007-02-03T18:31:00.000Z

Pain the abdomen usually has a minor cause like mild food poisoning, although it can be a sign of underlying problems with organs in the abdominal cavity. Distension (widening) or obstruction of the intestine causes colic - when the casualty feels waves of pain, often making them double up in agony and vomit. If the appendix or intestine ruptures the contents can leak into the abdominal cavity, giving rise to the very serious painful condition peritonitus.

It is for this reason that appendicitus, inflammation of the appendix, requires urgent medical attention. Appendicitus is characterised by pain in the centre of the abdomen which may move to the right with time, nausea, vomiting, bad breath and fever.

Recognition:

The casualty complains of abdominal pain.

Aims:

To relieve pain and discomfort.
To get medical aid if necessary.

Treatment:

Make the casualty comfortable. Prop them up if breathing s difficult. Provide a vomit bowl.
Give the casualty a hot water bottle wrapped in a towel to place on their abdomen.
If the pain is severe or occurs with fever and vomiting call a doctor. Do not allow the casualty to eat, drink or smoke in case hospital treatment is needed.

IF YOU SUSPECT APPENDICITUS GET MEDICAL HELP.

Diabetes Mellitus

2007-01-21T20:28:00.000Z

In Diabetes Mellitus (DM) the body fails to produce sufficient amounts of insulin, the hormone that converts blood sugar to stored glycogen. Diabetes Mellitus comes in two varieties - insulin dependent (IDDM) and non-insulin dependent (NIDDM). Traditionally these were also know as Juvenile Onset and Mature Onset respectively, but because of downward trends in diet and lifestyle NIDDM can now occur at a much younger age. Those with IDDM have to have regular injections of insulin, whereas those with NIDDM are treated by oral medication and dietary control.

In DM the blood sugar (BS), which has a normal value around 4 - 6 mmol/litre, is either raised due to too much sugar/not enough insulin (hypergycaemia) or lowered due to not enough sugar/too much insulin (hypoglycaemia).

If a known diabetic casualty appears unwell and you are unsure if they are hyper- or hypoglycaemic give them sugar - this will rapidly correct hypoglycaemia and will do little harm in the case of hyperglycaemia.

Hyperglycaemia (BS too high):

Recognition:

Recent history of eating excessively.
Casualty is thirsty but not hungry, may vomit and may urinate excessively.
Breathing is rapid.
Breath smells fruity/sweet
Pulse rapid and weak.
Skin warm and dry.
Casualty does not usually have a seizure.
Casualty appears drowsy.
Symptoms usually develop gradually.

Aim:

Arrange urgent medical treatment for the casualty.

Treatment:

Dial for an ambulance immediately.
Monitor the casualty's breathing, pulse and level of responsiveness.
Be prepared to resuscitate if the casualty stops breathing.

Hypoglycaemia (BS too low):

Recognition:

History of under eating, missed or irregular meals.
Casualty is thirsty but not hungry, doesn't (usually) vomit and urinates normally.
Casualty is disoriented and acts unusually.
Breath smells normal.
Pulse rapid and strong.
Skin pale, cold and clammy.
Casualty may have a seizure.
Casualty rapidly loses consciousness.

Aims:

To raise the casualty's BS.
To get medical help if necessary.

Treatment:

Help the casualty to sit or lie comfortably. Give him/her a sugary drink, sugar lumps or anything else sweet. Alternatively, some diabetics carry a glucose gel for use in a 'hypo' - help them to use this.
If the casualty responds quickly give more food and advise the casualty to rest until they feel better. Advice him/her to see their own doctor even if they feel fully recovered.
If they do not respond look for alternative causes.
Monitor the casualty's airway, breathing and responsiveness.
If the casualty is unconscious place them in the recovery position and dial for an ambulance.
Be prepared to resuscitate if the casualty stops breathing.

DO NOT GIVE FOOD/DRINK TO A CASUALTY WITH IMPAIRED CONSCIOUSNESS - GET HELP.

First Aid Regulations

2007-01-11T10:56:00.000Z

Mr Justice First Aid - not to be confused
with a poorly dressed transvestite.

This article relates to UK law. If you are elsewhere, you are advised to check local rules.

One of the main concerns that people express on my first aid courses is the fear of litigation if they carry out their first aid wrongly in the heat of an emergency situation. Some of my students have even expressed their intention to turn a 'blind eye' to an injured person in the street for fear of being accused of some sort of wrong doing. Very sad but a true indication of the nauseating 'ambulance chasing' culture that is now rife in the UK. Luckily, in English law (until Europe declare otherwise), there is the concept of a 'reasonable man' who performs reasonable actions in a given situation. First aid falls into this category - if you are treating someone sensibly, in the manner you honestly believe is best for them at the time, you should be okay.

In the workplace and at mass gatherings there is specific legislation that governs the first aid provision required. The first aid training providers are also closely monitored to ensure they deliver a consistent, high level of accurate training across the board.

Workplace:
The Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 place a duty on employers to make first aid
provision for their employees in case of illness or injury in the workplace. The Health and Safety Executive provide an Approved Code of Practice (ACOP) in relation to workplace first aid. The number of first aiders in a workplace is determined by a local risk assessment of the buildings and facilities. Every workplace is required to maintain a book recording the details of accidents (incident book). The following details are to be entered in to the incident book:

Full name and address of the casualty.
The casualty's occupation.
Date that the entry was made.
Date and time of the incident.
Place and circumstances of the incident.
Details of any injuries sustained and treatment given.
The signature of the person making the entry.

Mass gatherings:
As a result of the Hillsborough football ground disaster in 1989, when 96 football fans were crushed to death, new rules were implemented governing the provision of first aid at mass gatherings. The minimum requirements are:

One trained first aider for every 1000 people in attendance.
An approved and designated first aid room.
A doctor for events with more than 2000 in attendance.
A fully equipped ambulance, approved by one of the Voluntary Aid Societies or local NHS ambulance service, for events with more than 5000 in attendance.

The local licencing authority, eg. the local council, are responsible for ensuring these standards are implemented.

Training and certification:
Certificated first aid training must be carried out be either:

One of the Voluntary Aid Societies (St. John Ambulance, St. Andrew's Ambulance, the British Red Cross or the Order of Malta).
A private company that is registered and approved by the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). That company should display their HSE registration number clearly on any certificate they issue.
The National Health Service.

That is not to say that reading the 'Layman's Guide to First Aid' isn't an acceptable method of learning first aid - just it couldn't be counted towards a full HSE first aid certificate (for use in the workplace).

There are four common types of first aid course on offer:

Basic First Aid (usually about 8 hours of training)
First Aid at Work (usually 36 hours of training)
First Aid at Work Requalification (usually 18 hours of training)
Appointed Person (usually about 4 hours of training)

There are other specialist courses in addition to these, but these are the big four. First Aid at Work (FAW) is also referred to as the 'Full First Aid Certificate'. As the name implies, you need FAW to act as a first aider in the workplace. You aren't really a proper first aider unless you have the FAW. The main aim of AP is to train someone about the administrative aspects of first aid - what they need in their first aid kits, where these should be placed, legal aspects and incident reporting. The AP course also provides some very elementary first aid training.

First Aid trainers, like me, are people who have held the FAW for several years, have teaching experience or qualifications (in my case I am an NVQ trainer and assessor) and are kept up to date with the latest first aid developments. Quite a lot of first aid trainers have other first aid related qualifications - I am trained at automated external defibrillation (AED). We also have to keep an up to date portfolio of our experience and undergo regular reassessment.

Head Injuries 3: SKULL FRACTURE

2006-12-27T16:38:00.000Z

If the mode of injury is a heavy blow to the head suspect a skull fracture. A skull fracture is a very serious injury due to the possibility of underlying damage to the brain. It is good practice to suspect a skull fracture for any casualty that has an obvious head wound or impaired consciousness - treat for the worst, hopefully it won't be that bad. Always suspect that a casualty with a severe head injury has a spinal injury too - maintain a neutral alignment of the casualty's neck and back.

Recognition:

Wound or bruise to the head.
Soft area or depression of the scalp.
Bruising or swelling behind one ear.
Bruising around one or both eyes.
Loss of a clear, watery fluid (cerebrospinal fluid) from the ear (a very obvious tell tale sign).
Blood shot eyes.
Distortion or loss of symmetry about the head or face.
Deteriorating responsiveness. Casualty may become unconscious.

Aims:

To get urgent medical help.
To maintain the casualty's airway and breathing.

Treatment:

If the casualty is conscious help them to lie down. Support the casualty's head. Do not allow the head to rock or turn.
Control any bleeding from the head by direct pressure.
Send for urgent help. If you are by yourself go and summon help and return to the casualty quickly.
If there is a discharge from the ear, lightly cover it with a sterile dressing or pad. Do not plug the ear.
Monitor the casualty's responsiveness, airway, breathing and pulse. If the casualty stops breathing be prepared to perform resuscitation.

REMEMBER: Get help urgently and suspect a spinal injury.

Head Injuries 2: COMPRESSION

2006-12-20T21:46:00.000Z

Cerebral compression is a build up
of pressure on the brain.

Cerebral compression is the condition when there is a build up of pressure pushing on the brain. This can be caused by bleeding in the skull or swelling of the brain tissue after a head injury. It can also occur as the result of an infection (eg. meningitis), stroke or brain tumour. Cerebral compression is a very serious condition and you must get help quickly.

Recognition:

Probably (but not always) a history of head injury.
Deteriorating level of response - casualty may become unconscious.

Possibly:

Intense headache.
Noisy breathing, becoming slow.
Slow, yet full and strong pulse.
Unequal pupil size.
Weakness or paralysis down one side of the face or body.
High temperature and flushed appearance.
Drowsiness.
Change of personality such as irritability or confusion.

Aim:

Get urgent medical attention for the casualty

Treatment:

Dial for an ambulance immediately.
Monitor the casualty's level of responsiveness, breathing and pulse.
Open and maintain the casualty's airway if necessary.
Be prepared to give resuscitation if the casualty stops breathing.

DO NOT allow the casualty to eat, drink or smoke.

COMPRESSION NEEDS URGENT MEDICAL ATTENTION - SUMMON HELP IMMEDIATELY.

Quick Review: ScrubsGallery.com

2006-12-12T11:05:00.000Z

The attractive Frog's Nite Out print.

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Head Injuries 1: CONCUSSION

2006-12-06T19:55:00.000Z

The brain is naturally cushioned in the skull by a surrounding fluid. If the head is suddenly or violently moved the brain if free to shake a little bit - this is concussion. Concussion is a common occurence on the sports field, traffic accidents, after falls or after being hit on the head.

This shaking produces a temporary disturbance to the normal brain activity. It doesn't normally result in long term damage, if recognised and treated correctly. Concussion may result in impaired consciousness, but this usually subsides quickly. Concussion can be confidently diagnosed when the casualty is seen to recover. A casualty who is concussed should be monitored and medical attention sought if they begin to vomit, develop a headache or blurred vision. A sports player who has suffered concussion should NEVER be encouraged to play on.

Recognition:

Impaired consciousness following a blow to the head. The casualty will appear to recover shortly afterwards.
There might also be dizziness, blurred vision, headache or a loss of memory.

Aims:

To observe the casualty.
Ensure a responsible person remains with the casualty until they recover.
To obtain medical aid if there is any deterioration in the casualty's condition (see above).

Treatment:

Monitor and record vital signs - level of response, pulse, and breathing. Even if the casualty appears to recover fully, watch them for subsequent deterioration in his level of response.
When the casualty has recovered, place him in the care of a responsible person.
Advise the casualty to go to hospital if, following a blow to the head, they later develop:

headache,

nausea,

vomiting, or

excessive sleepiness

If the casualty does not fully recover OR there is a deteriorating level of response after the initial recovery, call for an ambulance.

Quick Review: Feller Medical

2006-11-25T16:51:00.000Z

Baldness is a terrible affliction - sometimes
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Welcome to FirstAid4Free

2006-11-25T15:31:00.003Z

A tiny piece of housekeeping I have so far neglected - the firstaid4free small print:

About this Blog:
FirstAid4Free is a free guidance source for use in the home and work place. It gives details of the first aid procedures recommended by the Voluntary Aid Societies of the United Kingdom at the time of inclusion on this site. First aid procedures are continually being updated and refined - I will endeavour to keep FirstAid4Free updated too, but I recommend you consult the current edition of the First Aid Manual to get the latest 'accepted practice'.

Firstaid4Free is not a substitute for proper hands-on first aid training by an experienced trainer. I always recommend that you attend an HSE accredited first aid course if you have the opportunity.

Sponsored Entries:
Please note that FirstAid4Free may occasionally include sponsored entries. I will endeavour to write all sponsored entries in a tone which reflects my true opinion of the subject - advertisers please be aware of this before you submit your proposal. Sponsored entries will always include the words 'advertisement' or 'sponsored post'. I hope that these posts do not detract from your enjoyment of my other posts.

Copyright Notice:
If you find any of the information on this site useful you are free to reproduce and republish it elsewhere on condition that you acknowledge and provide a back link to FirstAid4Free.

Severe Allergic Reactions (Anaphylaxis)

2006-11-23T20:33:00.000Z

Using the EpiPen.

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction with symptoms that develop within minutes of being triggered. It causes swelling of the airways resulting in impaired breathing, collapse and is potentially fatal. A casualty experiencing anaphylaxis needs urgent medical attention immediately - don't delay calling an ambulance.

Quite often the casualty knows that they suffer from anaphylaxis and they make adjustments to their life to avoid the triggering factor. Those with severe allergies also carry medication as a precaution. Some of the more common triggers include peanuts, fish, rubber, dust and insect stings. Be aware that a person can suddenly develop a severe reaction to a product they have had trouble-free exposure to in the past.

Recognition:

Impaired breathing.
Wheezing and gasping for air.
Signs of shock.
Widespread blotchiness of the skin.
Swelling of the lips, tongue and throat.
Puffiness of the eyes.
Anxiety.

Treatment:

Call for an ambulance immediately.
Check the casualty for medication and medi-lert bracelet.
Help the casualty to administer their medication. Sufferers of severe allergies usually carry epinephrine (adrenaline) in an auto injector commonly known as an EpiPen (the brand name of the product).

Simply remove the auto-injector from its tube.
Remove the protective cap and strike the needle (narrow) end into the casualty's upper thigh at a right angle to the skin.
Hold the injector on the thigh for 10 seconds before removing and massaging the injection area for 10 seconds.
BE CAREFUL with the used needle and dispose of it safely by sealing it back in the EpiPen tube.

If the casualty is conscious sit them in the position that makes breathing easiest.
If the casualty becomes unconscious place them in the recovery position.
Carefully monitor the casualty's airway and breathing.
Be prepared to give CPR if the casualty stops breathing.

ANAPHYLAXIS NEEDS URGENT MEDICAL ATTENTION - SUMMON HELP IMMEDIATELY.

Sprains and Strains

2006-11-11T15:43:00.000Z

The soft tissues around the bone can become damaged when exerted to sudden or unnatural movement. In general a strain refers to a damaged muscles, whereas a strain refers to damaged ligaments or tendons.

Recognition:

The affected area will be painful and tender.
The casualty will have difficulty moving the affected area.
There may be swelling and bruising.

Aims:

Reduce the casualty's pain and swelling.
Get medical aid if necessary.

Treatment:
When treating a sprain or strain remember the mnemonic RICE:

Rest: Get the casualty to sit or lie comfortably.
Ice: Apply an ice pack to the affected area. Avoid applying ice directly to the skin - wrap it in bag, piece of clothing or towel. This will serve to reduce the swelling.
Compress: Apply a support bandage and padding around the affected area. Check the circulation beyond the dressing every ten minutes.
Elevate: Raise the affected area using a chair, foot stool or similar. This reduces blood flow to the affected area, resulting in less swelling and bruising.

Recommend that the casualty consults their doctor if the symptoms persist for more then a few days. If the casualty is in serious pain or unable to move get them to a hospital.

Foreign Object in the Eye

2006-11-08T09:13:00.000Z

The eye is very delicate and even the slightest spect on dust on the surface can cause the casualty great discomfort. Usually these objects can be 'blinked' or washed from the eye, but complications can arise if the object is sticking to the eye, penetrating the surface of the eyeball or resting on the iris (coloured part) or pupil. In these cases it is safest to seek proper medical attention.

Recognition:
There is often:

Pain and discomfort.
Redness and watering of the affected eye.
Blurred vision.
Eyelid of affected eye tightly shut or in spasm.

Treatment (object on white of eye):

Sit the casualty down in bright light and stand behind them.
Ask the casualty to tilt their head back and then carefully separate the eyelids with your forefinger and thumb.
Carefully examine each part of the eye by asking the casualty to look up, down, left and right.
If you can see a foreign object on the white of the eye try and rinse it out with a glass of water or sterile eye wash.
Lean the casualty's head towards the injured side and position a towel on their shoulder.
If you are unable to rinse the object away, dampen a swab (clean tissue, hankerchief etc.) and try to gently lift the object instead.
If lifting the object doesn't work either take the casualty to hospital.
If there is an object under the upper eyelid ask the casualty to pull the upper lid down over the lower lid. Hopefully this will brush the object away.

Treatment (iris, pupil or embedded object):

DO NOT touch any object sticking to the iris or pupil or embedded anywhere on the eye.
Place a sterile eyepad over the eye.
Take the casualty to hospital.

Fractures

2006-10-21T11:19:00.001Z

A fracture is a break or crack in a bone. It usually requires considerable force to fracture a bone unless it is old and diseased, or young and supple. Fractures fall into two broad categories:

'Open fractures' where the bone is protruding through the skin. An open fracture is usually accompanied by significant blood loss - the main priorities in this case are to control the bleeding, keep the injured area still and prevent infection of the open wound.
'Closed fractures' where the damaged bone is contained within the skin. A closed fracture is contained within the skin and there is no external bleeding, although there is usually some internal bleeding caused by contusions (bruises) and tissue damage - the priority here is to keep the injured area still.

Recognition of fractures:
Us first aid trainers have a useful mnemonic to help us remember the signs and symptoms of a fracture: PLUSDICT:

Pain
Loss of power
Unnatural movement
Swelling or bruising
Deformity
Irregularity
Crepitus (grinding sound of the bones)
Tenderness

Treatment of an open fracture:

Put on gloves, if available. Ask the casualty to keep still.
Loosely cover the wound with a large, clean, non-fluffy pad or sterile dressing. Apply pressure to control the bleeding but DO NOT press on the protruding bone.
Place clean padding over and around the dressing.
Secure the dressing and padding with a bandage. Bandage firmly but not so tightly that it impairs circulation.
Immobilise the injured area by supporting it with your hands or padding around it with clothing etc.
Arrange for the casualty to get proper medical attention.
Treat the casualty for shock if necessary - DO NOT raise a fractured leg. Monitor the casualty's level of response, breathing and pulse. Check circulation beyond the bandage every 10 minutes.
DO NOT move the casualty until the injured area is supported unless they are in immediate danger. DO NOT press down on the protruding bone. DO NOT allow the casualty to eat, drink or smoke.

Treatment of a closed fracture:

Ask the casualty to keep still.
Immobilise the injured area by supporting it with your hands or padding around it with clothing etc.
Arrange for the casualty to get proper medical attention.
Treat the casualty for shock if necessary - DO NOT raise a fractured leg. Monitor the casualty's level of response, breathing and pulse.
DO NOT move the casualty until the injured area is supported unless they are in immediate danger. DO NOT allow the casualty to eat, drink or smoke.

Asthma

2006-10-07T13:52:00.000Z

Calm and reassure the casualty, get them comfortable
and ask them to use their 'reliever' inhaler.

During an asthma attack the muscles of the air passages in the lungs go into spasm and the linings of the airways swell. This results in the airway becoming narrow and breathing becoming more difficult. Sometimes an asthma attack is triggered by an allergy, cold, cigarette smoke or some other external stimulus. Sometimes there is no recognised trigger for the attack - some asthma sufferers have sudden attacks at night. People with asthma usually deal with their own attacks using a 'reliever' inhaler, usually coloured blue, at the first sign of an attack. Asthma sufferers may also have a second 'preventer' inhaler, coloured brown, that reduces the risk of having an attack. The preventer inhaler will not help when an asthma attack in progress.

The main priorities are to calm and reassure the casualty, treat the asthma attack and maintain the casualty's airway.

Recognition:

Difficulty in breathing, with a very long breathing-out phase.
Wheezing when the casualty breathes out.
Difficulty speaking.
Signs of hypoxia (low blood oxygen) such as grey-blue lips, earlobes and nailbeds.
Distress and anxiety.
Coughing.
Eventually the casualty may become unconscious and stop breathing.

Treatment:

Calm and reassure the casualty.
Ask the casualty to take a puff of their reliever inhaler.
Ask the casualty to breathe slowly and deeply.
Let the casualty adopt the most comfortable position, usually sitting. Do not let the casualty lie down.
A mild asthma attack should ease within 3 minutes - if not, ask the casualty to take a second dose from their inhaler.
Ring for an ambulance if:

this is the casualty's first ever asthma attack.

the inhaler has no effect after 5 minutes.

the casualty is getting worse.

breathlessness makes talking difficult.

the casualty is becoming exhausted.

Be prepared to give resuscitation if the casualty stops breathing.

Nosebleeds

2006-10-03T09:04:00.001Z

Nosebleeds are a very common problem in the home and work place. They are caused when the tiny blood vessels in the nostrils become ruptured. This normally occurs due to violent sneezing, nose picking or high blood pressure (hypertension). The main priorities are to stop the bleeding and maintain the casualty's airway.

Treatment:

Ask the casualty to sit down, tilt their head forward and pinch the soft part of their nose for 10 minutes. DO NOT allow the casualty to tilt their head backwards - this will cause them to swallow blood, possibly inducing vomiting and choking.
Reassure the casualty. Advise them to breathe slowly through their mouth. The casualty should avoid coughing, sniffing and swallowing during the nose pinch.
After 10 minutes ask the casualty to release their nose pinch. If bleeding persists they should re-pinch for up to 2 further periods of 10 minutes.
If bleeding has stopped cleanse the casualty's face with lukewarm water. Be sure to dispose of any used cleaning materials hygienically.
Advise the casualty to avoid exertion for a few hours after the bleeb. They should not blow their nose during this time.

IMPORTANT: If the bleed persists after the 3 x 10 minute nose pinches the casualty should seek medical attention.

Burns and Scalds

2006-09-25T22:38:00.001Z

The main priorities are to rapidly cool the burn, monitor the casualty's airway, treat for shock and get medical attention if necessary.

Types of burn:
There are 3 main categories of burn:

Superficial: Characterised by redness, tenderness and swelling. Only the very surface of the skin is affected. Sunburn is a good example.
Partial thickness: Characterised by redness, pain and blistering. The epidermis (top layer of skin) is completely destroyed. Large areas of partial thickness burns need medical attention.
Full thickness: The burn is deep through the layers of skin, which may be charred, waxy or pale. Usually not that painful due to nerve damage. Need urgent medical treatment.

Medical attention:

The following types of burn need medical attention:

Full thickness burns (all the way through the skin to the underlying tissue).
Burns to the face, hands, feet or genital area.
Burns which extent the entire way around and arm or leg.
Partial thickness burns larger than 1% of the casualty's body surface area (about the area covered by the palm of the casualty's hand).
Superficial burns larger than 5% of the casualty's body surface area (about the area covered by 5 palms).
Burns with a mixed pattern of varying depths.
Any burn you are unsure of - better safe than sorry.

Treatment:

Cool the burn area with cold liquid for at least 10 minutes.
Severe burns: Lay the casualty down. Call for an ambulance. Be prepared to give CPR if the casualty stops breathing.
Keep cooling the burn until the pain subsides.
Put on disposable gloves if available. Gently remove any rings, watches, belts or clothing before the tissues begin to sell. Do not remove clothing stuck to the wound. Do not put any ointments or lotions on the wound.
Cover the wound with a clean non-absorbent dressing - clingfilm is ideal.
Monitor the casualty until help arrives. Treat for shock if necessary.

Shock

2006-09-23T16:08:00.000Z

Treatment of shock - lie the casualty down, get help and monitor.

Shock is when there is a lack of blood flow to the vital organs, particularly the brain. The organs have a reduced supply of oxygen and a build up of waste products. Serious shock is a killer. It is good practice to assume every casualty has some degree of shock and treat them accordingly.

Casualties who have lost fluid from the body are particularly prone to shock - those suffering bleeding, burns, vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal injuries.

Signs of shock:
Initially:

Rapid pulse.
Pale, cold and clammy skin.
Sweating.

Later on:

Grey-blue skin.
Weakness and gidiness.
Nausea or thirst.
Rapid, shallow breathing.
Weak pulse.

Eventually:

Restlessness.
Gasping for air.
Unconsciousness.

Treatment of shock:

Lay the casualty down. Lie the casualty down on soft ground, ideally a blanket and raise their legs.
Loosen tight clothing.
Get help.
Monitor the casualty's responsiveness, airway and breathing. Be prepared to give CPR if the casualty stops breathing.

Do not:

Allow the casualty to eat, drink, smoke or move.
Leave the casualty unattended, other than to go and get help.

REMEMBER - SHOCK IS A KILLER - SUSPECT AND TREAT ALL CASUALTIES FOR SHOCK.

Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

2006-09-17T14:08:00.001Z

NOTE: This information should be read in close conjuction with the Rescue Breathing and Chest Compression lessons.

Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR):
If the casualty is not breathing by themself you must breathe for them - this is achieved by giving Rescue Breaths. If the casualty has no signs of life it is an indication that blood circulation is absent. As a first aider you must provide the casualty with circulation - this is achieved by giving Chest Compressions. The combination of Rescue Breaths and Chest Compressions is known as Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR).

Sequence of CPR:

In the case of a casualty needing CPR, the primary survey will be as follows:

DANGER - Remove all danger from yourself and the casualty.
RESPONSE - The casualty is unresponsive - shout for help.
AIRWAY - Ensure the casualty's airway is clear and maintained.
BREATHING - The casualty is not breathing.

As soon as you see the casualty is not breathing go for help if it is not already on the way (if you suspect the casualty is not breathing due to injury, choking or drowning give 5 rescue breaths followed by 30 chest compressions before going for help).
After going for help give the casualty 30 chest compressions.
Give the casualty 2 rescue breaths.
Continue giving cycles of 30 chest compressions to 2 rescue breaths until either help arrives, or the casualty begins to breathe spontaneously or you become too exhausted to continue.

Rescue Breathing

2006-09-12T21:16:00.001Z

If the casualty is not breathing by themself you need to breathe for them. This is achieved by giving rescue breaths (commonly known as mouth to mouth).

GO AND GET HELP, if it isn't already on the way, as soon as you know the casualty is not breathing. There is an exception to this rule - if you suspect the casualty is not breathing due to injury, choking or drowning give them 5 rescue breaths and 30 chest compressions before going for help.

Once help is on the way:

Give 30 chest compressions as described in the 'Chest Compressions' lesson.
Give 2 rescue breaths as follows:

Ensure the casualty's airway is kept open (head tilted back and two fingers lifting chin) throughout.
Pinch the soft part of the casualty's nose with your finger and thumb. Keep the chin lifted with your other hand.
If you have a face shield or pocket mask place it over the casualty's mouth. If not carry on without hesitation.
Take a breath and place your mouth over the casualty's. Maintaining head tilt and chin lift blow steadily until the casualty's chest rises. This should take about 1 second.
Remove your mouth and look along the casualty's chest, which should fall again.
Give a second rescue breath and then give 30 chest compressions.
Continue to give rescue breath/chest compression cycles until help arrives, the casualty starts to breathe again or you become too exhausted to continue.

If the chest doesn't rise during your rescue breath:

Adjust your position, check the casualty's airway is open and clear and attempt a further 2 rescue breaths.
If, after the 2 attempted rescue breaths, you are still unsuccessful give 30 chest compressions without delay.

Chest Compressions

2006-09-12T20:50:00.001Z

Chest Compressions:
If you find that the casualty has no signs of life (breathing sounds, motion etc) you will need to give them chest compressions.

Chest compressions are given as follows:

Kneel beside the casualty and place your hand in the centre of their chest. Your hand should be about 5 cm (2 inches) up from where the lowest right and left ribs fuse.
Place the heel of you other hand on top of the first hand and interlock your fingers.
Lean well over the casualty, with your arms locked striaght and depress the chest 4-5 cm (1.5-2 inches). Release the pressure without removing your hands from the casualty's chest. Allow the chest to come fully up before giving the next compression. Keep a steady rythm and don't 'bounce' with your compressions.
30 chest compressions should be given at a rate of 100 per minute.
After giving 30 chest compressions give 2 rescue breaths (see Rescue Breathing lesson).

Primary Survey 5: CIRCULATION

2006-09-09T14:50:00.002Z

Primary Survey 5: CIRCULATION:
The current protocols refer to this as checking for 'signs of life'. A sign of life is normal body temperature, normal skin colour, breathing sounds and motion - if any of these are present it is a good sign the casualty still has a heart beat. There is no need to check the casualty for a pulse - indeed, finding a pulse is often difficult and too time consuming.

In the current protocols you will have already started CPR before checking for signs of life - see 'Basic Adult Life Support' and 'Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)' lessons.

Primary Survey 4: BREATHING

2006-09-09T14:48:00.001Z

Primary Survey 4: BREATHING:

Once the airway is open you must check that the casualty is breathing.

Check for breathing by:

Placing your ear next to the casualty's mouth and looking down their chest.
Look, listen and feel for breathing sounds and motions for not more than 10 seconds.

If the casualty is unresponsive but breathing place in the recovery position - see 'Recovery Position' lesson.

If the casualty is unresponsive and not breathing you need to give CPR - see 'Basic Adult Life Support' and 'Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)' lessons.

Primary Survey 3: AIRWAY

2006-09-09T14:19:00.001Z

Primary Survey 3: AIRWAY:

The airway runs from just outside the casualty's mouth down to their lungs. You must ensure the airway is maintained - clear and open at all times.

If necessary open the airway by:

Opening the casualty's mouth.
Check inside the mouth and carefully remove any obstructions.
Tilt the casualty's head back. Do this by placing two fingers of one hand on the casualty's chin, the other hand on the casualty's forehead and gently rocking back the head.

Primary Survey 2: RESPONSE

2006-09-09T12:16:00.001Z

Primary Survey 2: RESPONSE:

After removing any danger from yourself and the casualty you need to quickly assess the casualty's level of responsiveness. This is to make sure they really do need help and aren't just asleep or behaving unusually.

The casualty will fall into one of the following categories:

ALERT - a casualty who is talking and aware of their surroundings.
VOICE responsive - a casualty who responds to a verbal command.
PAIN responsive - if they don't respond to a verbal command pinch their ear lobe or back of hand to see if this provokes a response.
UNRESPONSIVE - a casualty who doesn't respond to a verbal command or painful stimulus.

Primary Survey 1: DANGER

2006-09-09T12:14:00.000Z

Primary Survey 1: DANGER:

The very first thing you should do when you approach a casualty is check for danger to yourself - we don't want two casualties and no-one to summon help. It is tempting to rush straight to the aid of an injured person - don't. Try and compose yourself and take few seconds to look around and check the scene is safe beforehand.

Remember to look for hidden dangers like electricity, overhead hazards and poison gases.

Remove the danger from the casualty before you try and give first aid.

Primary Survey

2006-09-09T12:12:00.000Z

Primary Survey:
The primary survey is the action you should take every time you come across a casualty. The primary survey has 5 parts to it:

DANGER - check the scene for danger.
RESPONSE - check the casualty's responsiveness.
AIRWAY - check airway is clear and maintained.
BREATHING - check the casualty is breathing.
CIRCULATION - check the casualty for signs of life.

Use commonsense when doing the survey - a casualty who is talking has a clear airway, is breathing and shows signs of life so there is no need to check!

See the 5 lessons which accompany this entry.

Choking

2006-09-08T12:35:00.000Z

Recognition:

Choking is caused by a foreign object becoming lodged in the top of the airway. Choking comes in two categories - mild and severe. In all cases the casualty will be in visible distress, trying to gasp for breath and will become discoloured in the face. A casualty with mild choking will be able to cough out the obstruction by themself. In the case of severe choking the casualty will struggle to cough, speak and breathe - they need urgent help to remove the obstruction before they lapse into unconsciousness.

Treatment (Adult or Child):
If the casualty appears to be choking:

Ask the casualty to cough. If the obstruction becomes dislodged remove it from the casualty's mouth.
If the obstruction remains give the casualty up to 5 sharp back blows:

Strike between the shoulder blades in a firm upwards motion.
If the obstruction becomes dislodged remove it from the casualty's mouth, if not perform abdominal thrusts.

If the obstruction remains give the casualty up to 5 abdominal thrusts (picture above):

Put your arms around the casualty from their back to front.
Position your hands over the stomach of the casualty.
Make a fist with one hand and grasp the fist with the other hand.
Firmly pull your fist in an inwards and upwards motion.
If the obstruction becomes dislodged remove it from the casualty's mouth.

Give two more cycles of back blows and abdominal thrusts if the obstruction is still not clear.
If the obstruction is not clear after your 3 cycles of back blows and abdominal thrusts call 999.
Continue until help arrives.

Treatment (Infant <1 year)
If the child is visibly distressed, unable to cough or breathe:

Lay the infant along your forearm with their head low and support their back and head.
Give up to 5 back blows:

Be firm but not too hard.
If the obstruction becomes dislodged remove it from the casualty's mouth.

If the obstruction remains turn the casualty on to their back and give up to 5 chest thrusts:

Use two fingers, push inwards and upwards (towards the head) against the infants breastbone, one finger's breadth below the nipple line.
The aim is to relieve the obstruction with each chest thrust rather than necessarily doing all five.

Give two more cycles of back blows and chest thrusts if the obstruction is still not clear.
If the obstruction is not clear after your 3 cycles of back blows and abdominal thrusts call 999.
Continue until help arrives.

Chest Pain

2006-09-06T11:26:00.000Z

Unless there is obvious evidence to the contrary (eg. someone has just been winded playing sport) always assume the worst when it comes to chest pain - treat as a heart attack.

Angina is another possibility. If the casualty is having an angina attack they will usually know about their condition, have medication and tell the first aider about it.

A heart attack occurs when the coronary artery, which supplies the heart muscle with oxygenated blood, becomes occluded - this causes the muscle beyond the occlusion to die. Angina is due to temporary narrowing of the coronary artery - this results in less oxygenated blood getting to the heart muscle.

Signs and symptoms:
The casualty will complain of persistent 'crushing' chest pain maybe radiating to their neck, jaw and arms. They will normally be breathless, have pale 'ashen' skin and possibly blueness of the lips (called cyanosis). Their pulse will be rapid, weak and irregular. It is also common for the casualty to be cold and clammy to the touch. Vomiting and nausea are also common symptoms.

Treatment:
All Cases: Sit the casualty down in the 'W' position.
Angina: If the casualty has medication for their condition help them to take it.
Heart Attack: Dial 999 ASAP.
Angina: If the casualty's condition doesn't ease within a few minutes of them taking their medication call 999.
All Cases: If possible give an adult casualty (not a child) an aspirin tablet to slowly chew. Monitor the casualty closely until help arrives - keep a note of pulse and respiration rates. Be prepared to give CPR if the casualty stops breathing (see Adult Basic Life Support).

First Aid Kits - What to Include

2006-09-06T08:41:00.000Z

First Aid Kit Contents:
The contents of your kit depend on where it is going to be located. A home kit will be more basic than a kit located in a large shopping mall. A travel kit may include items you don't necessarily use at home.

My recommendations for a home kit:
20 Plasters (assorted shapes and sizes)
1 Large wound dressing (for bleeds)
2 Medium wound dressings (for bleeds)
1 Eye pad
2 Triangular bandages (for support)
2 Crepe bandages (for support)
2 Non-adherent dressings (for burns)
Safety pins
Tuff cut scissors
Face shield (for giving CPR)
Antiseptic wipes
Disposible gloves (nitrile preferred to latex)
Guidance leaflet

My recommendations for a work kit:
20 Plasters
2 Eye pads
4 Triangular bandages
6 Medium wound dressings
2 Large wound dressings
4 Crepe bandages
4 Non-adherent dressings
Safety pins
Tuff cut scissors
Face shield (for giving CPR)
Antiseptic wipes
Disposible gloves (nitrile preferred to latex)
Guidance leaflet
List of qualified first aider's names and contact details

Key Points:
1. Remember to keep your kit in a prominent location. Make sure everyone in the home knows where it is. In the work place make sure employees know where the kit is and who the qualified first aiders are.
2. Regularly check your kit to make sure the contents are present and still in date. Be sure to replace contents which are absent or have expired.
3. Replenish your kit every time you use it.

Adult Basic Life Support

2006-09-05T13:44:00.000Z

Adult Basic Life Support:
If you find a casualty who is not breathing you need to breathe for them by giving them Rescue Breaths. If they show no signs of life (no obvious signs of circulation) you also need to give them Chest Compressions. Chest Compressions are vital for pumping oxygenated blood around the casualty's body - particularly to their brain and other vital organs.

This is summarised in the flow chart above (click image to enlarge).